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The Legend of the QWERTY Keyboard | | | Reddit | Digg | Stumble | Email | More [49]Sholes qwerty patent U.S. Patent No. 207,559. The first appearance of the QWERTY keyboard. (image: Google patents) What came first: the typist or the keyboard? The answer depends on the keyboard. A recent article in Smithsonian’s news blog, Smart News, described an [50]innovative new keyboard system that proposes a more efficient alternative to the ubiquitous “universal” keyboard best known as [51]QWERTY – named for the first six letters in the top row of keys. The new keyboard, known as KALQ, is designed specifically for thumb-typing on today’s smart phones and tablets. It’s an interesting and by all accounts commercially viable design that got me thinking about the rationale behind the QWERTY keyboard. Unlike KALQ, it couldn’t have been designed to accommodate a specific typing technique because, well, the idea of typing –touch typing, at least– hadn’t been invented yet. It turns out that there is a lot of myth and misinformation surrounding the development of QWERTY, but these various theories all seem to agree that the QWERTY layout was developed along with, and inextricably linked to, early typewriters. In the 1860s, a politician, printer, newspaper man, and amateur inventor in Milwaukee by the name of [52]Christopher Latham Sholes spent his free time developing various machines to make his businesses more efficient. One such invention was an early typewriter, which he developed with Samuel W. Soulé, James Densmore, and Carlos Glidden, and first [53]patented in 1868. The earliest typewriter keyboard resembled a piano and was built with an alphabetical arrangement of 28 keys. The team surely assumed it would be the most efficient arrangement. After all, anyone who used the keyboard would know immediately where to find each letter; hunting would be reduced, pecking would be increased. Why change things? This is where the origin of QWERTY gets a little foggy. [54]sholes typwriter Experimental Sholes & Glidden typewriters circa 1873. (original image: The World of Typewriters) The [55]popular theory states that Sholes had to redesign the keyboard in response to the mechanical failings of early typewriters, which were slightly different from the models most often seen in thrift stores and flea markets. The type bars connecting the key and the letter plate hung in a cycle beneath the paper. If a user quickly typed a succession of letters whose type bars were near each other, the delicate machinery would get jammed. So, it is said, Sholes redesigned the arrangement to separate the most [56]common sequences of letters like “th” or “he”. In theory then, the QWERTY system should maximize the separation of common letter pairings. This theory could be easily debunked for the simple reason that “er” is the fourth most common letter pairing in the English language. However, one of the typewriter prototypes had a slightly different keyboard that was only changed at the last minute. If it had been put into production this article would have been about the QWE.TY keyboard: [57]typewriter qwerty The 1873 prototype used to demonstrate the technology to Remington (original image: The World of Typewriters) By 1873, the typewriter had 43 keys and a decidedly counter-intuitive arrangement of letters that supposedly helped ensure the expensive machines wouldn’t break down. Form follows function and the keyboard trains the typist. That same year, Sholes and his cohorts entered into a manufacturing agreement with gun-maker Remington, a well-equipped company familiar with producing precision machinery and, in the wake of the Cilvil War, no doubt looking to turn their swords into plowshares. However, right before their machine, dubbed the Sholes & Glidden, went into production, Sholes filed another patent, which included a new keyboard arrangement. Issued in 1878, [58]U.S. Patent No. 207,559 (top image) marked the first documented appearance of the QWERTY layout. The deal with Remington proved to be an enormous success. By 1890, there were more than 100,000 QWERTY-based Remington produced typewriters in use across the country. The fate of the keyboard was decided in 1893 when the five largest typewriter manufacturers –Remington, Caligraph, Yost, Densmore, and Smith-Premier– merged to form the Union Typewriter Company and agreed to adopt QWERTY as the de facto standard that we know and love today. There’s a somewhat [59]related theory that credits Remington’s pre-merger business tactics with the popularization of QWERTY. Remington didn’t just produce typewriters, they also provided training courses – for a small fee, of course. Typists who learned on their proprietary system would have to stay loyal to the brand, so companies that wanted to hire trained typists had to stock their desks with Remington typewriters. It’s a system that’s still works today, as illustrated by the devout following Apple built through the ecosystem created by iTunes, the iTunes store, and the iPod. While it can’t be argued that deal with Remington helped popularize the QWERTY system, its development as a response to mechanical error, has been questioned by [60]Kyoto University Researchers Koichi Yasuoka and Motoko Yasuoka. In a 2011 paper, the researchers tracked the evolution of the typewriter keyboard alongside a record of its early professional users. They conclude that the mechanics of the typewriter did not influence the keyboard design. Rather, the QWERTY system emerged as a result of how the first typewriters were being used. Early adopters and beta-testers included telegraph operators who needed to quickly transcribe messages. However, the operators found the alphabetical arrangement to be confusing and inefficient for translating morse code. The Kyoto paper suggests that the typewriter keyboard evolved over several years as a direct result of input provided by these telegraph operators. For example; “The code represents Z as ‘· · · ·’ which is often confused with the digram SE, more frequently-used than Z. Sometimes Morse receivers in United States cannot determine whether Z or SE is applicable, especially in the first letter(s) of a word, before they receive following letters. Thus S ought to be placed near by both Z and E on the keyboard for Morse receivers to type them quickly (by the same reason C ought to be placed near by IE. But, in fact, C was more often confused with S). In this scenario, the typist came before the keyboard. The Kyoto paper also cites the Morse lineage to further debunk the theory that Sholes wanted to protect his machine from jamming by rearranged the keys with the specific intent to slow down typists: “The speed of Morse receiver should be equal to the Morse sender, of course. If Sholes really arranged the keyboard to slow down the operator, the operator became unable to catch up the Morse sender. We don’t believe that Sholes had such a nonsense intention during his development of Type-Writer.” Regardless of how he developed it, Sholes himself wasn’t convinced that QWERTY was the best system. Although he sold his designs to Remington early on, he continued to invent improvements and alternatives to the typewriter for the rest of his life, including several keyboard layouts that he determined to be more efficient, such as the following patent, filed by Sholes in 1889, a year before he died, and issued posthumously: [61]sholes typewriter patent U.S. Patent No. 568,630, issued to C.L. Sholes after his death (image: google patents) But the biggest rivals to ever challenge QWERTY is the [62]Dvorak Simplified Keyboard, developed by Dr. August Dvorak in the 1930s. [63]dvoack keyboard The Dvorak Simplified Keyboard (image: wikipedia) Dvorak users reported faster and more accurate typing, in part because the system dramatically increases the number of words that can be typed using the “home” row of keys where your fingers naturally rest – also known as the keys you type when you’re just trying fill space. asjdfkal; sdfjkl; asdfjkl; asdfjkl; dkadsf. asdfjklasdfjk. More [64]recent research has debunked any claims that Dvorak is more efficient, but it hardly matters. Even in 1930 it was already too late for a new system to gain a foothold. While Dvorak certainly has its champions, it never gained enough of a following to overthrow King QWERTY. After all, the world learned to type using Remington’s keyboard. When the first generation of computer keyboards emerged, there was no longer any technical reason to use the system – computers didn’t get jammed. But of course, there’s the minor fact that millions of people learned to type on the QWERTY keyboards. It had become truly ubiquitous in countries that used the Latin alphabet. Not only that, but way back in 1910, the system had been adopted by [65]Teletype, a company that would go on to produce electronic typewriters and computer terminals widely used around the world, thereby ensuring QWERTY’s place as the new technological standard. The KALQ keyboard layout (image: Outlasvirta et al.) When a design depends on a previous innovation too entrenched in the cultural zeitgeist to change, it’s known as a [66]path dependency. And this why the new KALQ proposal is so interesting. It attempts to break from the tyranny of Christopher Latham Sholes, whose QWERTY system makes even less sense on the virtual keyboards of tablets and smartphones than it does on a computer keyboards. Is the new KALQ system any different? In some ways, the answer is obviously yes. It has been designed around a very specific, very modern behavior – typing with thumbs. Like the telegraph operator QWERTY theory, the user is determining the structure of the keyboard. But it could still be argued that the KALQ system, or any similar system that may be developed in the future, is also a product of path dependency. Because no matter how the letters are arranged, they basic notion of individually separated letters distributed across a grid dates back to Sholes and co. tinkering away in their Milwaukee workshops. But it’s just not necessary in a tablet. If you gave an iPad to someone who had never used a keyboard and told them to develop a writing system, chances are they would eventually invent a faster, more intuitive system. Perhaps a gesture based system based on shorthand? Or some sort of swipe-to-type system? This is not to say that such a system would be better, it’s merely an observation that our most bleeding edge communication technology still dates back more than 150 years to some guys tinkering in their garage. Truly, the more things change, the more they stay the same. *** [67]Sign up for our free email newsletter and receive the best stories from Smithsonian.com each week. Posted By: [68]Jimmy Stamp — [69]Technology | [70]Link | [71]Comments (35) 35 Comments [72]» 1. [73]Jed Rothwell says: [74]May 3, 2013 at 2:26 pm Many history books say that the top row of the QWERTY keyboard is arranged to make it easy to type the word “TYPEWRITER.” All the letters for that word are up there. Supposedly, salesmen liked demonstrate that word, typing it smoothly. I cannot judge this new claim, but I am sure that typewriter keys did jam when people typed too quickly. When I was in high school in the 1960s I used a typewriter manufactured circa 1920. The keys jammed when I typed too quickly. They did not fall back fast enough. I brought it downtown to have it cleaned and repaired. The old guy working there told me this was a problem with the older models. It is also true that most widely used English letters (except for “ER”) are separated on the keyboard. Widely used letters include: ETONRISH . . . Well into the 20th century, in small telegraph offices where they used sounders, operators wrote down the contents of message by hand. In larger offices they had machines to record the transmission on 5-bit Baudot code paper tape (with holes). The 5 bit codes were entered by hand, with 5 keys, until 1901. After that, ordinary typewriter keyboards produced the tapes. The tapes could be automatically duplicated for retransmission at the receiving end. In the 20th century machines were developed to print from tape to an alphabet on another tape, which was then pasted on to the telegraph paper. [75]Reply 2. [76]Jed Rothwell says: [77]May 3, 2013 at 2:29 pm Correction: ETAONRISH . . . [78]Reply 3. Stan Modjesky says: [79]May 3, 2013 at 5:19 pm This article seems to waste a lot of time on nothing more than speculation. Surely Sholes and the others left behind lab notebooks and other research records that would be superior to the conjectures made here. The article isn’t even thoroughly researched enough to account for the fact that during the era when Sholes was working, there were three slightly different telegraph codes in use: American Morse; Continental; and what has become the standard–International Morse code. One reason for the different codes is that Mose telegraphy relied originally on simply “dots” and spacings between them. It was not until RADIOtelegraphy came into being that the dot-dash system was even possible. This is disappointingly bad research from the Smithsonian. [80]Reply 4. Doug says: [81]May 4, 2013 at 8:08 am There is another new keyboard layout called “colemak”. It even has its own website. I know very little about it. [82]Reply 5. DaveK says: [83]May 4, 2013 at 3:47 pm I thought the most-used letters were ETAOIN SHRDLU. [84]Reply 6. [85]Koichi Yasuoka says: [86]May 5, 2013 at 10:41 am In the early American Morse Code, Z should be ‘··· ·’ dit-dit-dit-pause-dit, not ‘····’. [87]Reply 7. Jake Teague says: [88]May 5, 2013 at 12:20 pm I once read that the keys were laid out according to frequency of usage. Supposedly, according to this theory, ASDFJKL; are the most used letters/symbols of the alphabet. It does explain why the Z and X keys located where they are but the location of some of the punctuation keys is awkward to me. I use ? far more often than ;. [89]Reply 8. Margaret M says: [90]May 5, 2013 at 1:02 pm There is a swipe-to-type system, actually, although it’s still based on the grid keyboard. It’s called Swype, and you use it by drawing a continuous line from letter to letter with your finger. As you type, it uses a form of autocorrect to figure out what you’re typing. It works pretty well, and it seems like it could enable a transition away from grid typing to entering whole words with gestures. [91]Reply 9. Antonio Suarez says: [92]May 5, 2013 at 3:07 pm Swiftkey is an excellent answer for today’s need. It learn to think like me! [93]Reply 10. [94]Frank Lowney says: [95]May 5, 2013 at 4:06 pm Enjoyed both the article and the erudite commentary. Today, our computers can take dictation from our spoken utterances. Tomorrow, I expect only to think the word to see it displayed in all sorts of ways including the HUD (heads-up display) projected on mu eye glasses, sun glasses and anti-riot face shield. [96]Reply 11. Treasa says: [97]May 5, 2013 at 4:48 pm Azerty and Qwertz are used in France and Germany, for info. [98]Reply 12. T. McDonald Chambers says: [99]May 5, 2013 at 5:02 pm QWERTY is not a universal keyboard. As a copywriter in Belgium for some 18 years, I once found it necessary to use a Belgian client’s typewriter to copy a multipage document. It was laborilus, time-consuming, and unbelieably frustrating!!!! [100]Reply 13. Dominic Tarr says: [101]May 5, 2013 at 5:06 pm anyone who has played with an old hammer action typewriter has probably jammed it a few times. I know I have. but then, it’s not the adjacency of the keys that matter here, but the hammers. Unfortunately I don’t have one to examine here, but it’s possible that the hammers for ER are not in fact adjacent… personally, I find the whole idea of tapping imaginary buttons on a glass screen completely absurd – much worse than say, clicking a mouse, because the mouse has an actual button. not to mention your fat fingers getting in the way of what you are trying to look at etc… Prehaps it would be best if “smart” phones had just a single button like a mouse and you could tap out patterns on it… [102]Reply 14. Lee says: [103]May 5, 2013 at 5:41 pm I have a phone with the Swype system mentioned by Margaret M., and I turned it off, as I am far too old to switch systems at the speed at which they become obsolete these days. Has the person who wrote this article never seen nor used a manual typewriter? H/She should have. The simple joy of seeing how many keys you can jam at the same time must be experienced to be understood, and having to know what you want to say BEFORE you type it is a great exercise in writing (because of the manual typewriter’s limited editing capabilities). I’m holding out for speech-to-type systems, although, come to think of it, the thought of people wandering around speaking the mindless things they now text gives me pause… [104]Reply 15. [105]John Lambie says: [106]May 5, 2013 at 8:02 pm People often forget that QWERTY is not the most “popular” or ubiquitous keyboard out there. It’s not even close. QWERTY users are pretty much confined to rich white countries with high PC/laptop penetration. Across the digital divide they use another keyboard – the T9 alphanumeric arrangement found on mobile phones. Contrast the two systems – one takes months of lessons or years of practise to master. The other takes one lesson (“Press once for A, twice for B, thrice for C and so on.”) and can be mastered in minutes. One system took 150 years to accumulate less than 3 billion users worldwide. The other took 15 years to garner 5 billion users. And QWERTY is a bit of a fail on touchscreens, to put it mildly. I’m wondering how the other 5 billion are going to enjoy the QWERTY learning curve being forced upon them – especially that they are likely to form the first “post-PC” generation. [107]Reply 16. [108]Koichi Yasuoka says: [109]May 5, 2013 at 9:07 pm James Densmore did record the early 1870′s demonstration of Type-Writer for Porter’s Telegraph College and Western Union Telegraph of Chicago. In other records they both used American Morse Code, where Z is ‘··· ·’ dit-dit-dit-pause-dit, not ‘–··’ dah-dah-dit-dit. [110]Reply 17. Marc P says: [111]May 6, 2013 at 1:28 am This was an interesting read, thank you. As others have noted, there is more speculation than fact in this article, but it remains nonetheless thought-provoking. For those interested in more facts, a quick search through Wikipedia will show that the following assertion in the article is incorrect: “But of course, there’s the minor fact that millions of people learned to type on the QWERTY keyboards. It had become truly ubiquitous in countries that used the Latin alphabet.” This ignores the many variants available to speakers of languages using the Latin alphabet, including German, French, and Italian to name a few. [112]Reply 18. [113]Jed Rothwell says: [114]May 6, 2013 at 10:04 am “ETAOIN SHRDLU” is often quoted. I do not know which is more accurate. It depends on the type of text I suppose. [115]Reply 19. alex4040 says: [116]May 6, 2013 at 11:47 am Just allow users to customise layouts on smartphone & tablet devices!!! At least until voice recognition tech takes over. I still prefer hand-writing recognition using a pen. Check out 7Notes Premium app. [117]Reply 20. gary says: [118]May 6, 2013 at 2:45 pm Umm….No one noticed the win key in the supposed dvork keyboard in 1930′s? ummm….I think that ruins the credibility to me for that image. There was actually a time in 1990′s when you could buy the different keyboards for PC’s. And um…they didn’t have win keys then! [119]Reply 21. Dave Eissenberg says: [120]May 6, 2013 at 3:59 pm etaoin shrdlu are the top rows of letters on a Mergenthaler linotype machine (now replaced by automatic typesetting machines). I used one while in a technical high school- an amazing Rube Goldberg device!! The linotype operator would type etaoin shrdlu after he or she notices a mistake but didn’t want to correct it then (it would involve hot lead). There is no relation between that and the qwerty typewriter. [121]Reply 22. Dave Eissenberg says: [122]May 6, 2013 at 4:14 pm The first two columns of keys are: e, t, a, o, i, n; and s, h, r, d, l, u. A Linotype operator would often deal with a typing error by running the fingers down these two rows, thus filling out the line with the nonsense words etaoin shrdlu. This is known as a “run down”. It is often quicker to cast a bad slug than to hand-correct the line within the assembler. The slug with the run down is removed once it has been cast, or by the proofreader. [123]Reply 23. [124]brad tittle says: [125]May 6, 2013 at 5:09 pm I hate the idea of my thoughts going directly to the page. Even spoken words are a challenge. The keyboard represents a filter that allows me to choose what goes on the page. If all my thoughts were typed, I would be in deep trouble. [126]Reply 24. Christopher Keep says: [127]May 6, 2013 at 11:32 pm The claim that the QWERTY keyboard owes its origins to Sholes’ efforts to address the needs of telegraph operators is no better founded than the earlier claim that its arrangement was the result of mechanical deficiencies in the prototype models. The Kyoto study claims that the “clashing type bar” theory is merely an “urban myth,” first promulgated by William Hoffer in an article in 1985. The claim was repeated by various other writers, including Stephen J Gould, and became the “truth” thereafter. In fact, the “clashing type bars” theory goes all the way back to 1923 (at least), when the Herkimer Historical Society (the typewriter was first mass produced in Ilion, New York, hence the Society’s interest) published a book called, The History of the Typewriter. The authors clearly had access to Sholes and Densmore’s correspondence, and no reason to invent the claim concerning the clashing type bars, especially given the unflattering light it cast on their subject. To call this claim “nonsense,” as the authors of the Kyoto study do, seems a bit much. And what, then, is the evidence for the Kyoto authors’ own theory? Well, the central claim, that Sholes was working with telegraphists, is not news–the 1923 study also makes note of it. What they do offer is a series of suggestive corollaries between the arrangement of signs in Morse Code and the QWERTY keyboard, but no documentary evidence of a direct connection. Where’s the correspondence, the lab notes, or diary entries to establish the claim? It seems most likely that the QWERTY evolved from a series of various problems, which likely included (at one point) the mechanical problems of keys clashing and (at another) the need to accommodate numbers for telegraphists. Later, Remington made further changes to avoid patent claims, too. QWERTY was a kind of accretion that emerged over time but soon became fixed in place, in part because Remington had a strangle hold on the market, and in part because it did seem to work for many typists. All of which is to say, the claims of this article (and of the study upon which it is founded)are at at best suppositions at present. Shouldn’t we expect better from the Smithsonian? Sholes’ letters related to the development of the typewriter are in the state archives in Madison, WI–maybe give them a call before you hit “post?” [128]Reply 25. [129]esteban says: [130]May 6, 2013 at 11:44 pm Really nice research. I like path dependency concept…we are still using money because of it. Silly humans! :) [131]Reply 26. Neil says: [132]May 7, 2013 at 8:29 am How about decoding signs a third base coach gives to the batter and runners. How much is gibberish and how much is real? [133]Reply 27. [134]David says: [135]May 7, 2013 at 12:30 pm Regarding the QWERTY layout, the article states that, “It had become truly ubiquitous in countries that used the Latin alphabet.” Load of nonsense. Germany uses a QWERTZ layout, France and much of Belgium use an AZERTY layout, and just about every other language based on the Latin alphabet has its own layout, too. [136]Reply 28. Walter Sobchak says: [137]May 7, 2013 at 9:51 pm “The Fable of the Keys” by Stan J. Liebowitz, University of Texas at Dallas – School of Management – Department of Finance & Managerial Economics, and Stephen E. Margolis, North Carolina State University – Department of Economics, from “Famous Fables of Economics”, Dan Spulber, (ed.), Blackwell Publishers, and, 2002 Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 1-26, April 1990 Abstract: This paper examines the history of the QWERTY typewriter keyboard, often put forward as the archetypical case of markets choosing the wrong standard. Contrary to the claims made by Paul David and Brian Arthur, we find virtually no evidence to support a view that QWERTY is inferior to DVORAK. Instead, using records of typing experiments, studies by ergonomicists, and examining the historical record of competition among different keyboard designs back when QWERTY first became dominant, we conclude that QWERTY is about as good a design as any alternative. [138]Reply 29. Mark says: [139]May 9, 2013 at 9:13 am “Umm….No one noticed the win key in the supposed dvork keyboard in 1930′s? ummm….I think that ruins the credibility to me for that image.” That’s not supposed to be a picture from the 1930′s, that is the modern Dvorak layout. It is still fully and natively supported by Windows and many people use it. [140]Reply 30. Joe Blake says: [141]May 11, 2013 at 3:31 am “Smithers Pira was originally established in 1930 as PIRA, the initials standing for Printing Industry Research Association. The aim of the organisation was to be “a technical research bureau for the pooling of technical information and to conduct scientific investigation of technical problems” for the printing industry.” [142]https://www.smitherspira.com/about-us.aspx This obviously would include advances in keyboard design. In September 1977 Lillian Malt presented a paper to a conference of PIRA [143]http://www.maltron.com/media/lillian_kditee_001.pdf wherein she stated: “It has been said of the Scholes letter layout that it would probably have been chosen if the objective was to find the least efficient – in terms of learning time and speed achievable – and the most error producing character arrangement. This is not surprising when one considers that a team of people spent one year developing this layout so that it should provide the greatest inhibition to fast keying.” In other words, QWERTY was specifically designed to slow the typist down. Searching through the Smithsonian article there is no mention of either Lillian Malt or the Printing Industry Research Association. Given that Lillian Malt’s idea of an efficient keyboard layout resulted in the creation of the Maltron keyboard in 1977, a successful ergonomic keyboard still being produced today, I would submit that the Smithsonian article lacks any kind of credibility, and I would question the depth of research done by the author. I wonder what else such sloppiness has missed. [144]Reply 31. Joe Blake says: [145]May 15, 2013 at 2:51 am Just add a little more meat to my previous comment: [146]http://qwertymyth.blogspot.com.au/ “The Myth of the Myth of the QWERTY Keyboard” [147]Reply 32. Torbjörn Larsson, OM says: [148]May 18, 2013 at 10:13 am Ipad swipe-to-type suggestions reminds me of a swedish swipe system that was using rolls to input letters faster and more ergonomically than keyboards. @Joe Blake: The article has a reference to the reference paper, and that looks good. Of course there are alternate theories, and the article references them too. So it is a good and sufficiently deep article by rational accounts. It is not a review, so it can’t be faulted for leaving stuff out. What is not rational is your idea of drawing a line between Matlt’s successes elsewhere and the eventual success of her alternate theory. [149]Reply 33. Joe Blake says: [150]May 19, 2013 at 12:45 am “Successes elsewhere”? Please demonstrate where “elsewhere” is, and its relevance. My posting, as I said not once but twice in the blog I referenced, was simply about the myth that this story was an urban legend. There is an unimpeachable source for the story (regardless of its accuracy) therefore the story is not an urban legend. My blog demonstrates how easy it is to find her paper, by using common sense. Do any of the references (whether good looking or not) you mention contain factual evidence that Lillian Malt did NOT make the statement? Or even make that claim, backed by evidence or not? [151]Reply 34. Joe Blake says: [152]May 19, 2013 at 1:41 am [153]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_publishing Another way of tracking down Lillian Malt’s academic paper is use Google this way. There are four different major keyboard layouts currently on the market: QWERTY, Dvorak, Maltron, Colemak. Enter into Google to following keywords “Academic papers [insert keyboard name here]” Do it for each of the four keyboards. It would appear that ONLY Lillian Malt (Maltron) has published ANY academic paper regarding her theory. All other keyboards have only got secondary papers, NONE from the inventors. This means that either Google is wrong, or Maltron can back itself with authority. As to what constitutes an academic paper, I refer the reader to my link to Wiki at the head of this post. [154]Reply 35. [155]ZinniA says: [156]May 20, 2013 at 1:34 am KALQ had broken down the trend of 130 years old Keypad layout. The key idea behind this design is to minimize the long sequence between the thumbs. You can check more info on: [157]http://outfresh.com/latest-technology/kalq-new-keyboard-layout/ [158]Reply [159]RSS feed for comments on this post. 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