ECMAScript Language Specification - ECMA-262 Edition 5.1

Copyright notice
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Conformance
3 Normative references
4 Overview
- 4.1 Web Scripting
- 4.2 Language Overview
  - 4.2.1 Objects
  - 4.2.2 The Strict Variant of ECMAScript
- 4.3 Terms and definitions
  - 4.3.1 type
  - 4.3.2 primitive value
  - 4.3.3 object
  - 4.3.4 constructor
  - 4.3.5 prototype
  - 4.3.6 native object
  - 4.3.7 built-in object
  - 4.3.8 host object
  - 4.3.9 undefined value
  - 4.3.10 Undefined type
  - 4.3.11 null value
  - 4.3.12 Null type
  - 4.3.13 Boolean value
  - 4.3.14 Boolean type
  - 4.3.15 Boolean object
  - 4.3.16 String value
  - 4.3.17 String type
  - 4.3.18 String object
  - 4.3.19 Number value
  - 4.3.20 Number type
  - 4.3.21 Number object
  - 4.3.22 Infinity
  - 4.3.23 NaN
  - 4.3.24 function
  - 4.3.25 built-in function
  - 4.3.26 property
  - 4.3.27 method
  - 4.3.28 built-in method
  - 4.3.29 attribute
  - 4.3.30 own property
  - 4.3.31 inherited property
5 Notational Conventions
- 5.1 Syntactic and Lexical Grammars
  - 5.1.1 Context-Free Grammars
  - 5.1.2 The Lexical and RegExp Grammars
  - 5.1.3 The Numeric String Grammar
  - 5.1.4 The Syntactic Grammar
  - 5.1.5 The JSON Grammar
  - 5.1.6 Grammar Notation
- 5.2 Algorithm Conventions
6 Source Text
7 Lexical Conventions
- 7.1 Unicode Format-Control Characters
- 7.2 White Space
- 7.3 Line Terminators
- 7.4 Comments
- 7.5 Tokens
- 7.6 Identifier Names and Identifiers
  - 7.6.1 Reserved Words
- 7.7 Punctuators
- 7.8 Literals
  - 7.8.1 Null Literals
  - 7.8.2 Boolean Literals
  - 7.8.3 Numeric Literals
  - 7.8.4 String Literals
  - 7.8.5 Regular Expression Literals
- 7.9 Automatic Semicolon Insertion
  - 7.9.1 Rules of Automatic Semicolon Insertion
  - 7.9.2 Examples of Automatic Semicolon Insertion
8 Types
- 8.1 The Undefined Type
- 8.2 The Null Type
- 8.3 The Boolean Type
- 8.4 The String Type
- 8.5 The Number Type
- 8.6 The Object Type
  - 8.6.1 Property Attributes
  - 8.6.2 Object Internal Properties and Methods
- 8.7 The Reference Specification Type
  - 8.7.1 GetValue (V)
  - 8.7.2 PutValue (V, W)
- 8.8 The List Specification Type
- 8.9 The Completion Specification Type
- 8.10 The Property Descriptor and Property Identifier Specification Types
  - 8.10.1 IsAccessorDescriptor ( Desc )
  - 8.10.2 IsDataDescriptor ( Desc )
  - 8.10.3 IsGenericDescriptor ( Desc )
  - 8.10.4 FromPropertyDescriptor ( Desc )
  - 8.10.5 ToPropertyDescriptor ( Obj )
- 8.11 The Lexical Environment and Environment Record Specification Types
- 8.12 Algorithms for Object Internal Methods
  - 8.12.1 [[GetOwnProperty]] (P)
  - 8.12.2 [[GetProperty]] (P)
  - 8.12.3 [[Get]] (P)
  - 8.12.4 [[CanPut]] (P)
  - 8.12.5 [[Put]] ( P, V, Throw )
  - 8.12.6 [[HasProperty]] (P)
  - 8.12.7 [[Delete]] (P, Throw)
  - 8.12.8 [[DefaultValue]] (hint)
  - 8.12.9 [[DefineOwnProperty]] (P, Desc, Throw)
9 Type Conversion and Testing
- 9.1 ToPrimitive
- 9.2 ToBoolean
- 9.3 ToNumber
  - 9.3.1 ToNumber Applied to the String Type
- 9.4 ToInteger
- 9.5 ToInt32: (Signed 32 Bit Integer)
- 9.6 ToUint32: (Unsigned 32 Bit Integer)
- 9.7 ToUint16: (Unsigned 16 Bit Integer)
- 9.8 ToString
  - 9.8.1 ToString Applied to the Number Type
- 9.9 ToObject
- 9.10 CheckObjectCoercible
- 9.11 IsCallable
- 9.12 The SameValue Algorithm
10 Executable Code and Execution Contexts
- 10.1 Types of Executable Code
  - 10.1.1 Strict Mode Code
- 10.2 Lexical Environments
  - 10.2.1 Environment Records
  - 10.2.2 Lexical Environment Operations
  - 10.2.3 The Global Environment
- 10.3 Execution Contexts
  - 10.3.1 Identifier Resolution
- 10.4 Establishing an Execution Context
  - 10.4.1 Entering Global Code
  - 10.4.2 Entering Eval Code
  - 10.4.3 Entering Function Code
- 10.5 Declaration Binding Instantiation
- 10.6 Arguments Object
11 Expressions
- 11.1 Primary Expressions
  - 11.1.1 The this Keyword
  - 11.1.2 Identifier Reference
  - 11.1.3 Literal Reference
  - 11.1.4 Array Initialiser
  - 11.1.5 Object Initialiser
  - 11.1.6 The Grouping Operator
- 11.2 Left-Hand-Side Expressions
  - 11.2.1 Property Accessors
  - 11.2.2 The new Operator
  - 11.2.3 Function Calls
  - 11.2.4 Argument Lists
  - 11.2.5 Function Expressions
- 11.3 Postfix Expressions
  - 11.3.1 Postfix Increment Operator
  - 11.3.2 Postfix Decrement Operator
- 11.4 Unary Operators
  - 11.4.1 The delete Operator
  - 11.4.2 The void Operator
  - 11.4.3 The typeof Operator
  - 11.4.4 Prefix Increment Operator
  - 11.4.5 Prefix Decrement Operator
  - 11.4.6 Unary + Operator
  - 11.4.7 Unary - Operator
  - 11.4.8 Bitwise NOT Operator ( ~ )
  - 11.4.9 Logical NOT Operator ( ! )
- 11.5 Multiplicative Operators
  - 11.5.1 Applying the * Operator
  - 11.5.2 Applying the / Operator
  - 11.5.3 Applying the % Operator
- 11.6 Additive Operators
  - 11.6.1 The Addition operator ( + )
  - 11.6.2 The Subtraction Operator ( - )
  - 11.6.3 Applying the Additive Operators to Numbers
- 11.7 Bitwise Shift Operators
  - 11.7.1 The Left Shift Operator ( << )
  - 11.7.2 The Signed Right Shift Operator ( >> )
  - 11.7.3 The Unsigned Right Shift Operator ( >>> )
- 11.8 Relational Operators
  - 11.8.1 The Less-than Operator ( < )
  - 11.8.2 The Greater-than Operator ( > )
  - 11.8.3 The Less-than-or-equal Operator ( <= )
  - 11.8.4 The Greater-than-or-equal Operator ( >= )
  - 11.8.5 The Abstract Relational Comparison Algorithm
  - 11.8.6 The instanceof operator
  - 11.8.7 The in operator
- 11.9 Equality Operators
  - 11.9.1 The Equals Operator ( == )
  - 11.9.2 The Does-not-equals Operator ( != )
  - 11.9.3 The Abstract Equality Comparison Algorithm
  - 11.9.4 The Strict Equals Operator ( === )
  - 11.9.5 The Strict Does-not-equal Operator ( !== )
  - 11.9.6 The Strict Equality Comparison Algorithm
- 11.10 Binary Bitwise Operators
- 11.11 Binary Logical Operators
- 11.12 Conditional Operator ( ? : )
- 11.13 Assignment Operators
  - 11.13.1 Simple Assignment ( = )
  - 11.13.2 Compound Assignment ( op= )
- 11.14 Comma Operator ( , )
12 Statements
- 12.1 Block
- 12.2 Variable Statement
  - 12.2.1 Strict Mode Restrictions
- 12.3 Empty Statement
- 12.4 Expression Statement
- 12.5 The if Statement
- 12.6 Iteration Statements
  - 12.6.1 The do-while Statement
  - 12.6.2 The while Statement
  - 12.6.3 The for Statement
  - 12.6.4 The for-in Statement
- 12.7 The continue Statement
- 12.8 The break Statement
- 12.9 The return Statement
- 12.10 The with Statement
  - 12.10.1 Strict Mode Restrictions
- 12.11 The switch Statement
- 12.12 Labelled Statements
- 12.13 The throw Statement
- 12.14 The try Statement
  - 12.14.1 Strict Mode Restrictions
- 12.15 The debugger statement
13 Function Definition
- 13.1 Strict Mode Restrictions
- 13.2 Creating Function Objects
  - 13.2.1 [[Call]]
  - 13.2.2 [[Construct]]
  - 13.2.3 The [[ThrowTypeError]] Function Object
14 Program
- 14.1 Directive Prologues and the Use Strict Directive
15 Standard Built-in ECMAScript Objects
- 15.1 The Global Object
  - 15.1.1 Value Properties of the Global Object
  - 15.1.2 Function Properties of the Global Object
  - 15.1.3 URI Handling Function Properties
  - 15.1.4 Constructor Properties of the Global Object
  - 15.1.5 Other Properties of the Global Object
- 15.2 Object Objects
  - 15.2.1 The Object Constructor Called as a Function
  - 15.2.2 The Object Constructor
  - 15.2.3 Properties of the Object Constructor
  - 15.2.4 Properties of the Object Prototype Object
  - 15.2.5 Properties of Object Instances
- 15.3 Function Objects
  - 15.3.1 The Function Constructor Called as a Function
  - 15.3.2 The Function Constructor
  - 15.3.3 Properties of the Function Constructor
  - 15.3.4 Properties of the Function Prototype Object
  - 15.3.5 Properties of Function Instances
- 15.4 Array Objects
  - 15.4.1 The Array Constructor Called as a Function
  - 15.4.2 The Array Constructor
  - 15.4.3 Properties of the Array Constructor
  - 15.4.4 Properties of the Array Prototype Object
  - 15.4.5 Properties of Array Instances
- 15.5 String Objects
  - 15.5.1 The String Constructor Called as a Function
  - 15.5.2 The String Constructor
  - 15.5.3 Properties of the String Constructor
  - 15.5.4 Properties of the String Prototype Object
  - 15.5.5 Properties of String Instances
- 15.6 Boolean Objects
  - 15.6.1 The Boolean Constructor Called as a Function
  - 15.6.2 The Boolean Constructor
  - 15.6.3 Properties of the Boolean Constructor
  - 15.6.4 Properties of the Boolean Prototype Object
  - 15.6.5 Properties of Boolean Instances
- 15.7 Number Objects
  - 15.7.1 The Number Constructor Called as a Function
  - 15.7.2 The Number Constructor
  - 15.7.3 Properties of the Number Constructor
  - 15.7.4 Properties of the Number Prototype Object
  - 15.7.5 Properties of Number Instances
- 15.8 The Math Object
  - 15.8.1 Value Properties of the Math Object
  - 15.8.2 Function Properties of the Math Object
- 15.9 Date Objects
  - 15.9.1 Overview of Date Objects and Definitions of Abstract Operators
  - 15.9.2 The Date Constructor Called as a Function
  - 15.9.3 The Date Constructor
  - 15.9.4 Properties of the Date Constructor
  - 15.9.5 Properties of the Date Prototype Object
  - 15.9.6 Properties of Date Instances
- 15.10 RegExp (Regular Expression) Objects
  - 15.10.1 Patterns
  - 15.10.2 Pattern Semantics
  - 15.10.3 The RegExp Constructor Called as a Function
  - 15.10.4 The RegExp Constructor
  - 15.10.5 Properties of the RegExp Constructor
  - 15.10.6 Properties of the RegExp Prototype Object
  - 15.10.7 Properties of RegExp Instances
- 15.11 Error Objects
  - 15.11.1 The Error Constructor Called as a Function
  - 15.11.2 The Error Constructor
  - 15.11.3 Properties of the Error Constructor
  - 15.11.4 Properties of the Error Prototype Object
  - 15.11.5 Properties of Error Instances
  - 15.11.6 Native Error Types Used in This Standard
  - 15.11.7 NativeError Object Structure
- 15.12 The JSON Object
  - 15.12.1 The JSON Grammar
  - 15.12.2 parse ( text [ , reviver ] )
  - 15.12.3 stringify ( value [ , replacer [ , space ] ] )
16 Errors
Annex A (informative) Grammar Summary
- A.1 Lexical Grammar
- A.2 Number Conversions
- A.3 Expressions
- A.4 Statements
- A.5 Functions and Programs
- A.6 Universal Resource Identifier Character Classes
- A.7 Regular Expressions
- A.8 JSON
  - A.8.1 JSON Lexical Grammar
  - A.8.2 JSON Syntactic Grammar
Annex B (informative) Compatibility
- B.1 Additional Syntax
  - B.1.1 Numeric Literals
  - B.1.2 String Literals
- B.2 Additional Properties
  - B.2.1 escape (string)
  - B.2.2 unescape (string)
  - B.2.3 String.prototype.substr (start, length)
  - B.2.4 Date.prototype.getYear ( )
  - B.2.5 Date.prototype.setYear (year)
  - B.2.6 Date.prototype.toGMTString ( )
Annex C (informative) The Strict Mode of ECMAScript
Annex D (informative) Corrections and Clarifications in the 5^th Edition with Possible 3^rd Edition Compatibility Impact
Annex E (informative) Additions and Changes in the 5^th Edition that Introduce Incompatibilities with the 3^rd Edition
Annex F (informative) Technically Significant Corrections and Clarifications in the 5.1 Edition
Bibliography

Standard ECMA-262, 5.1 Edition / June 2011, ECMAScript® Language Specification

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