The following are a type of video game called “shoot'em up.”
These games are extremely mathematical. In the sense that the core concept is to predict projectile direction.
The “shoot'em up” died out due to 3D games of course. But There are a few new ones released after 2000.
Geometry Wars is like a modern version of R-Type.
Some fascinating readings:
A highly recommended book for game programing is: Game Engine Architecture (2009), by Jason Gregory, et al. amazon.