CSS: nesting selector (ampersand &)

Ampersand (&), the Nesting Selector

The ampersand & is called Nesting Selector.

when used inside CSS nesting syntax, it represents the parent selector.

• CSS: nesting syntax

when used inside @scope, it represent the scope-root :scope.

• CSS: @scope at-rule

If used outside nesting, it means :root.

• CSS: :root selector

in nested CSS, you need the ampersand when you want to modify the parent selector, such as pseudo-class selector (:) and pseudo-element selector (::).

• CSS: pseudo-class selector (:)
• CSS: pseudo-element selector (::)

Example. pseudo-class

.card {
 &:hover {
  color: red;
 }
}

/* is equivalent to */

.card:hover {
 color: red;
}

Example. Multiple nesting selector

.x {
 & > & > & {
  color: red;
 }
}

/* is equivalent to */

.x > .x > .x {
 color: red;
}

Example. Relationship selectors

ul.xflow {
 li {
  /* ampersand UNNECESSARY */
  & > a {
   display: block;
  }
 }
}

/* is equivalent to */

ul.xflow li > a {
 display: block;
}

main {
 /* ampersand is UNNECESSARY in all cases below. */

 /* direct child */
 & > .content {
  color: red;
 }

 /* adjacent sibling */
 & + .sidebar {
  color: red;
 }

 /* subsequent sibling */
 & ~ .footer {
  color: red;
 }
}

main {
 /* descendant (space). ampersand UNNECESSARY. */
 & .title {
  color: red;
 }
}

Example. Appended nesting selector (reverse parent/child)

🛑 WARNING: nesting syntax does not always mean the outer selector is parent. The ampersand & symbol can be placed in different positions to create many many different relationships. (see below)

/* Example. of reverse parent/child */

h2 {
 section > & {
  color: red;
 }
}

/* is equivalent to */

/* select the header title h2 only if it is direct child of section */
section > h2 {
 color: red;
}

Examples

Multiple classes

/* Multiple classes */

.aa {
 &.bb {
  color: red;
 }
}

/* is equivalent to */

.aa.bb {
 color: red;
}

Pseudo-elements

/* Pseudo-elements  */

.aa {
 &::before {
  content: "★";
 }
}

/* is equivalent to */

.aa::before {
 content: "★";
}

Attribute selectors

/* Attribute selectors */

.aa {
 &[data-accessed] {
  color: red;
 }
}

/* is equivalent to */

.aa[data-accessed] {
 color: red;
}