Pedal Curve

History

From Robert Yates:

The idea of positive and negative pedal curves occurred first to Colin Maclaurin in 1718; the name “pedal” is due to Terquem. The theory of Caustic Curves includes Pedals in an important role: the orthotomic is an enlargement of the pedal of the reflecting curve with respect to the point source of light (Quetelet, 1822). (See Caustics.) The notion may be enlarged upon to include loci formed by dropping perpendiculars upon a line making a constant angle with the tangent, namely: pedals formed upon the normals to a curve.

Description

Pedal and negative pedal are methods of deriving a new curve based on a given curve and a point.

Step by step description for positive pedal:

1. Given a curve and a fixed point O.
2. Draw a tangent at any point P on the curve.
3. Mark a point Q on this tangent so that line PQ and line OQ are perpendicular.
4. Repeat step (2) and (3) for every point P on the curve. The locus of Q is the pedal of the given curve with respect to point O.

Pedal and negative pedal are inverse concepts. Negative pedal of a curve C can be defined as a curve C' such that the pedal of C is C'.

Step by step description for negative pedal:

1. Give a curve and a fixed point O.
2. Draw a line from O to any point P on the curve.
3. Draw a line perpendicular to line OP and passing P.
4. Repeat step (2) and (3) for every point P on the curve. The envelope of lines is the negative pedal of the given curve with respect to point O.

Formula

The pedal of a parametric curve {xf[t],yf[t]} with respect to point {a,b} is:

{(xf'[t]^2 a + yf'[t]^2 xf[t] + xf'[t] yf'[t] (b - yf[t]))/(xf'[t]^2 + yf'[t]^2),
 (yf'[t]^2 b + xf'[t]^2 yf[t] + xf'[t] yf'[t] (a - xf[t]))/(xf'[t]^2 + yf'[t]^2)}

Properties

Curve relations by pedal

Related Web Sites

• Websites on Plane Curves
• Plane Curves Books
• Curves and Their Properties: Pedal, p160