Xah Math Blog

spectacular.

first, read this

[The Empirical Metamathematics of Euclid and Beyond 2020-09-28 By Stephen Wolfram. At https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2020/09/the-empirical-metamathematics-of-euclid-and-beyond/ ]

then

• Emil Leon Post

then watch

• Critical pair lemma

Great Math Board Game Software updated

Freed Go. This guy now works for tesla. Amazing. When you compile math programs, since 1997, over the years i update them, and discover where these people went.

Pretty Math

this is spectacular. Stephen Wolfram's personal stories of the greatest mathematicians, physicists, technologists of past 100 years

[Who Was Ramanujan? 2016-04-27 By Stephen Wolfram. At https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2016/04/who-was-ramanujan/ ]

[Droste Effect with Mathematica 2009-04-24 By Jon Mcloone. At http://blog.wolfram.com/2009/04/24/droste-effect-with-mathematica/ ]

[The 2011 Mathematica One-Liner Competition 2011-12-01 By Christopher Carlson. At http://blog.wolfram.com/2011/12/01/the-2011-mathematica-one-liner-competition/ ]

parquet transform tiling. old links.

• https://www.flickr.com/photos/redlex/sets/72157594410043262/
• http://community.livejournal.com/mathart/25353.html
• http://occular.livejournal.com/

Xah Talk Show 2020-09-10 Programing, Philosophy of Too Many Libraries, Algorithmic Mathematical Art

What Is Perspective Drawing
repost

https://twitter.com/EyePoppingFact/status/1292467149705904139

Plane Curves Books

Requirements for a Visualization System

• English/Chinese Math Terminology 中/英 数学术语
• Curlicues

some random page, minor edit

linear programing

Learned linear programing back in 1992 in college. Never encountered it since. But, about 2 years ago, when i was thinking about finding the optimal keyboard shortcut layout, it hit me, the problem is linear programing.

Emacs vs vim, Compute Keybinding Efficiency

topology of figure 8 on a stick

Grigori Perelman, Will You Decline 1 Million?

random article

• Escher Chameleon Polyhedron
• Art of M C Escher
• Math and Geometry Books

good math book. What Is Mathematics? by Herbert Robbins , Richard Courant Buy at amazon

Math Mysticism: is Hurricane Shape a Fibonaci Spiral?

Fibonaci is one of the undying myth in math.

Fluid Simulation, added to Great Software for Cellular Automata

is there a name for a function that's dot product of more than 2 n-dimensional vectors?

for example , 3 vectors of 2D, it would be:

Great Software For 2D Visualization of Geometry
updated

Visualizing Quaternions

Software to Visualize 3D Geometry

Geometer's Sketchpad, WebSketch

WebSketch, seems to be a new version of the Geometer's Sketchpad. http://geometricfunctions.org/fc/tools/

there are lots of them in past 10 years. see

• Great Software for Plane Geometry
• Old Math Software

Town of the Great Math Hermit Alexander Grothendieck

updated at Alexander Grothendieck = Obi-Wan

Notes on the Riemann Hypothesis by Ricardo Pérez-Marco

Notes on the Riemann Hypothesis by Ricardo Pérez-Marco https://arxiv.org/pdf/1707.01770.pdf via https://twitter.com/johncarlosbaez/status/1164016020425543681

Octonions

[The Octonions 2001-05-16 By John C Baez. At http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/octonions/octonions.html ] (Published in Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 39 (2002), 145-205. Errata in Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 42 (2005), 213.)

pop cult of Feynman

God so many programer nerds are into Richard Feynman. I despise that guy, for no reason. it's like, any joe will shout Einstein when science is the topic. ok, Feynman is like top 10 physicist. but am not interested in physics. and whatever Feynman's math i have no interest.

i despise physicist. Whenever there is good piece of math, physicists ruin it.

#math John Milnor , big mathematician. one of his book is Topology from the Differential Point of View, 1965, John W Milnor

impredicative

Something that is impredicative, in mathematics, logic and philosophy of mathematics, is a self-referencing definition. Roughly speaking, a definition is impredicative if it invokes (mentions or quantifies over) the set being defined, or (more commonly) another set that contains the thing being defined. There is no generally accepted precise definition of what it means to be predicative or impredicative. Authors have given different but related definitions.

The opposite of impredicativity is predicativity, which essentially entails building stratified (or ramified) theories where quantification over lower levels results in variables of some new type, distinguished from the lower types that the variable ranges over. A prototypical example is intuitionistic type theory, which retains ramification so as to discard impredicativity.

Russell's paradox is a famous example of an impredicative construction—namely the set of all sets that do not contain themselves. The paradox is that such a set cannot exist: If it would exist, the question could be asked whether it contains itself or not — if it does then by definition it should not, and if it does not then by definition it should.

The greatest lower bound of a set X, glb(X), also has an impredicative definition: y = glb(X) if and only if for all elements x of X, y is less than or equal to x, and any z less than or equal to all elements of X is less than or equal to y. This definition quantifies over the set (potentially infinite, depending on the order in question) whose members are the lower bounds of X, one of which being the glb itself. Hence predicativism would reject this definition.[1]

2019-08-09 from Predicativism

am surprised, that the definition of infimum (or, e.g. shortest person in a room) is impredicative. and seems there is no predicative definition of them. and this seems to reduce the power of type theory drastically.

Xah Talk Show 2019-08-07 story of math crisis, math foundation, proof theory, and homotopy type theory

omniscience of math

god, please grand me omniscience of math.

while riding bike to pay rent yesterday, i thought about what'd happen if am omniscience of math. First, there are 6 Clay math price, each $1M reward. but as math omniscient, $6 millions is like 6 pennies on a dirty street.

with math omniscience, you now know the secret that's worth more than entire Google ($136 billion revenue in 2018). And you can break any secret message of any nation. Whatever US military spends in research in a decade, your knowledge is worth greater than that per second.

math omniscience also means, you are now the greatest mathematician. What you know is more than all mathematicians combined, dead or alive, infinitely times more. Quantum mechanics, cosmology. You KNOW the mysteries of the universe.

Math omniscience in a man. This is when, i wonder, if catastrophe might happen. You are now inhuman. You may no longer desire to eat.

stability of minimal surface

this is amazing! read the thread, by Daniel Piker: twitter KangarooPhysics

that's amazing cuz it shows many popular minimal surfaces in math are not stable. I think it's rarely talked about. And he created a software that simulate soap film minimizing surface area.

And his blog is spectacular ( https://spacesymmetrystructure.wordpress.com ) i've known since 2011.

i think the stability issue is studied in stability theory, while minimal surfaces are differential geometry. These 2 are separate branches. Typically not studied together or at all both. Thus when we learn about minimal surfaces and soap film, talking about stability distracts.

a #geometry question i had for long. Given a bunch of points (that forms a surface), what's the (efficient) algorithm to triangulate them? any name i can search for?

answer: ball-pivoting algorithm. (thx to Daniel Piker)

readings about real number

Mathematician Adrien-Marie Legendre

truly despise the jargon injection surjection, created by Bourbaki

• Ettore Majorana
• Edward Witten
• Terence Tao
• Barry Simon

Wang Tiles, and Video of Hao Wang

shape of space

if you want to understand this http://www.espaces-imaginaires.fr/works/ExpoEspacesImaginaires2.html there's a great book

Reading Notes on “The Shape of Space”

applied group theory. 🤩

Magic Polyhedrons

Computable Number

Constructible Number

splitting field

math. Field GF(4)

one of the smallest non-trivial field

Combinatorial Exploration of Algebraic structures

Braid Group

Knitting, Chinese Knots, Braid Theory

cable knitting. Such intricacy, weave within weave.

was wondering if John C. Baez https://twitter.com/johncarlosbaez has written about math aspect of weaving. Searching braid theory baez, indeed! Loop braid group

See also:

Braid theory

todo. read http://www.malinc.se/noneuclidean/en/poincaretiling.php

Great Software For 2D Visualization of Geometry

new app added

A Course In Universal Algebra, Burris, Sankappanavar

added a new text book. graduate level.

3 books i love. Now each on its own page.

Graph Theory Book
Visual Complex Analysis by Tristan Needham
Groups and Their Graphs by Israel Grossman and Wilhelm Magnus

incidence structure, projective geometry

Undergraduate Math Degree Courses

Galois Theory, Abel and Galois

galois theory

Evariste Galois

Niels Henrik Abel

Truchet tiles

The Three-Body Problem, scifi

logic. free variable

logic. principle of explosion

Euler-Mascheroni constant

Continued fraction

Math, Algebra: on the Phraseology of X Over K, and What's Group Theory?

the supreme mystery of the universe, is math. note, not physics, quantum or blackhole crap.

u can write scifi about blackhole or quantum physics stuff, but u cant for math.

cauchy sequence defines calculus and complete metric space

smooth map

been slacking in the math department. Going to pick up again. Each day, i spend 1 hour reading math, and post whatever. Today, let's learn about “smooth map”.

xah talk show 2019-05-06 geometric inversion, stereographic projection, their relations

this is logic, part of proof theory. this is what intent to learn in next 5 years, as opposed to category theory. (i got asked about the latter often, from programer idiots) twitter johncarlosbaez

Peano axioms

Tennenbaum's theorem is a result in mathematical logic that states that no countable nonstandard model of first-order Peano arithmetic (PA) can be recursive (Kaye 1991:153ff).

Compactness theorem

In mathematical logic, the compactness theorem states that a set of first-order sentences has a model if and only if every finite subset of it has a model. This theorem is an important tool in model theory, as it provides a useful method for constructing models of any set of sentences that is finitely consistent.

Finite model theory

Finite model theory (FMT) is a subarea of model theory (MT). MT is the branch of mathematical logic which deals with the relation between a formal language (syntax) and its interpretations (semantics). FMT is a restriction of MT to interpretations on finite structures, which have a finite universe.

Interpretation (logic)

An interpretation is an assignment of meaning to the symbols of a formal language. Many formal languages used in mathematics, logic, and theoretical computer science are defined in solely syntactic terms, and as such do not have any meaning until they are given some interpretation. The general study of interpretations of formal languages is called formal semantics.

The most commonly studied formal logics are propositional logic, predicate logic and their modal analogs, and for these there are standard ways of presenting an interpretation. In these contexts an interpretation is a function that provides the extension of symbols and strings of symbols of an object language. For example, an interpretation function could take the predicate T (for “tall”) and assign it the extension {a} (for “Abraham Lincoln”). Note that all our interpretation does is assign the extension {a} to the non-logical constant T, and does not make a claim about whether T is to stand for tall and ‘a’ for Abraham Lincoln. Nor does logical interpretation have anything to say about logical connectives like ‘and’, ‘or’ and ‘not'. Though we may take these symbols to stand for certain things or concepts, this is not determined by the interpretation function.

An interpretation often (but not always) provides a way to determine the truth values of sentences in a language. If a given interpretation assigns the value True to a sentence or theory, the interpretation is called a model of that sentence or theory.

Lindström's theorem

In mathematical logic, Lindström's theorem (named after Swedish logician Per Lindström, who published it in 1969) states that first-order logic is the strongest logic[1] (satisfying certain conditions, e.g. closure under classical negation) having both the (countable) compactness property and the (downward) Löwenheim–Skolem property.[2]

Modal logic

these shapes form hex stars. #geometry twitter CGTNOfficial

[Too good to be Truchet 2018-10-18 By Colin Beveridge. At http://chalkdustmagazine.com/features/too-good-to-be-truchet/ ]

[Truchet 2007-04- By Cameron Browne. At http://cambolbro.com/games/truchet/ ]

[Truchet, Braille and Euler 2010-02-11 By Peter Rowlett. At https://aperiodical.com/2010/02/truchet-braille-and-euler/ ]

Zernike polynomials

todo

• Polyhedra Chocolate
• Knitting, Chinese Knots, Braid Theory
• Truchet tiles

• 1:53 emacs xah html mode as org babel
• 6:46 python 3 iterator, OOP language vs functional language
• 15:50 starts on group theory intro

Module (Algebra)

Linear Map, Bilinear Map, Multilinear Map

Geometric algebra

todo read

[Let's remove Quaternions from every 3D Engine (An Interactive Introduction to Rotors from Geometric Algebra) 2019-02-22 By Marc Ten Bosch. At http://marctenbosch.com/quaternions/ ]

Geometric algebra

i no unstand.

help:

[Linear and Geometric Algebra 2011-01-19 By Alan Macdonald. At Buy at amazon ]

https://enkimute.github.io/ganja.js/examples/coffeeshop.html

[Geometric Algebra for Computer Science 2007-05-22 By Leo Dorst , Daniel Fontijne , Stephen Mann. At Buy at amazon ]

some old articles.

1. Mandelbrot Set Explained (no complex number needed)
2. How Computing Science created a new mathematical style
3. The TeX Pestilence (Why TeX/LaTeX Sucks)
4. English/Chinese Math Terminology 中/英 数学术语
5. What is the Difference of Russell's Logicism, Hilbert's Formalism, Axiomatic System?
6. Math Notation, Computer Language Syntax, and the “Form” in Formalism
7. Math Notation, Proof System, Computer Algebra, in One Language
8. The Codification of Mathematics
9. Math Terminology and Naming of Things
10. Mathematical Notation: Past and Future
11. Pattern Matching vs Grammar Specification
12. A Notation for Plane Geometry
13. State of Theorem Proving Systems 2008
14. The Problems of Traditional Math Notation
15. The Geometric Significance of Complex Conjugate
16. Notes On Plane Curves and Proofs
17. Math Insight: Multiplication and Multiplicative Identity

Hyperboloid of Two Sheet http://VirtualMathMuseum.org/Surface/hyperboloid2/hyperboloid2.html

Dirac Belt Trick http://VirtualMathMuseum.org/Surface/dirac-belt/DiracBelt.html

Mathematician Gaston Julia

this guy, is the first to study julia set. #math #geometry

Mathematician Pierre Wantzel

Pierre Wantzel

Pierre Laurent Wantzel (5 June 1814 in Paris – 21 May 1848 in Paris) was a French mathematician who proved that several ancient geometric problems were impossible to solve using only compass and straightedge.[1]

In a paper from 1837,[2] Wantzel proved that the problems of

• doubling the cube, and
• trisecting the angle

are impossible to solve if one uses only compass and straightedge. In the same paper he also solved the problem of determining which regular polygons are constructible:

a regular polygon is constructible if and only if the number of its sides is the product of a power of two and any number of distinct Fermat primes (i.e. that the sufficient conditions given by Carl Friedrich Gauss are also necessary) The solution to these problems had been sought for thousands of years, particularly by the ancient Greeks. However, Wantzel's work was neglected by his contemporaries and essentially forgotten. Indeed, it was only 50 years after its publication that Wantzel's article was mentioned either in a journal article[3] or in a textbook.[4] Before that, it seems to have been mentioned only once, by Julius Petersen, in his doctoral thesis of 1871. It was probably due to an article published about Wantzel by Florian Cajori more than 80 years after the publication of Wantzel's article[1] that his name started to be well-known among mathematicians.[5]

Wantzel was also the first person who proved, in 1843,[6] that when a cubic polynomial with rational coefficients has three real roots but it is irreducible in Q[x] (the so-called casus irreducibilis), then the roots cannot be expressed from the coefficients using real radicals alone, that is, complex non-real numbers must be involved if one expresses the roots from the coefficients using radicals. This theorem would be rediscovered decades later by (and sometimes attributed to) Vincenzo Mollame and Otto Hölder.

“Ordinarily he worked evenings, not lying down until late; then he read, and took only a few hours of troubled sleep, making alternately wrong use of coffee and opium, and taking his meals at irregular hours until he was married. He put unlimited trust in his constitution, very strong by nature, which he taunted at pleasure by all sorts of abuse. He brought sadness to those who mourn his premature death.” — Adhémar Jean Claude Barré de Saint-Venant on the occasion of Wantzel's death.[1]

Mathematician Pierre Fatou and Julia Set

this guy, is the first to study Julia set.

the math work of Pierre Fatou. Analysis, analytical functions, dynamical systems, chaos theory.

Mathematician Adrien Douadly, and Mandelbrot Set

this guy started research on Mandelbrot set. one major result is that the Mandelbrot set is connected. #math #geometry

the Mandelbrot set, is truly one of the most incredible thing in math. Incredible is the word, and amazing, cosmetic, and in a visual way too. It shows the deep mystery of math.

See also: Mandelbrot Set Explained (no complex number needed)

here's the deepest zoom. Zoom to: 3.4 * 10^1091, and the video plays for 70 minutes.

here's the deepest zoom of Mandelbrot set, Zoomed to 3.4 * 10^1091. If you zoom this much on a atom, it'd be 10 followed by 109 zeros times larger than the screen. it's 70 minutes video.

and i always thought, if you zoom to a particular point deep enough, the face of god would suddenly appear, and the universe would blow up. It's, like, playing lottery, you wouldn't know there's no jackpot untill you played all the possible numbers. #math

annulus, math

differential geometry site

been helping mat professors build differential geometry site.

latest are Soliton Surface and others, see

• http://VirtualMathMuseum.org/Surface/hyperbolic_k1_sor/hyperbolic_k1_sor.html
• http://VirtualMathMuseum.org/Surface/two-soliton/two-soliton.html
• http://VirtualMathMuseum.org/Surface/three-soliton/three-soliton.html
• http://VirtualMathMuseum.org/Surface/four-soliton/four-soliton.html

visit the whole gallery at http://virtualmathmuseum.org/index.html

we've been working on it in past year.

See also: Wikipedia

• Sine-Gordon equation
• Gauss–Codazzi equations
• Soliton
• Bäcklund transform

graduate level differential geometry

Breather Surface http://VirtualMathMuseum.org/Surface/breather/breather.html

#math Chaitin's constant Chaitin's constant this is when, computer science enters the twilight zone. if you understand it, let me know. i want to kiss your ass.

Calculus, Gradient

Gradient

Derivative and Jacobian Matrix

Jacobian matrix and determinant

#math derivative. if you are rusty with calculus, or programer who never learned it, it's good time to revisit. join my journey. read my daily snippet, and lookup Wikipedia.

Wikipedia is usually chaotic, rambling on and on, touching highschool stuff to research stuff. if calculus is new to you, read textbooks. Here's Free Math Textbooks i verified quality. Free Math Textbooks

Proof theory

#math programers, if u haven't seen Conway's Game of Life yet, look into. it's eye opening. In 1990s, i spent years “playing” it. 1st deep theory you learn: deterministic system can be unpredictable. https://twitter.com/icm7216/status/1080209582041907200